Climate Disruption Continues to Take a Toll on Global Health

Impact of Extreme Temperatures on Human Health

Rising Temperatures and Health Risks

Global temperatures are climbing at an alarming pace, bringing severe health risks, especially to the elderly, children, and other vulnerable populations. According to The Lancet Countdown report, deaths linked to extreme heat have surged in recent decades. Among individuals over 65, heat-related mortality increased by 167% in 2023 compared to the 1990s. These statistics highlight the shift of climate change from a distant environmental issue to an urgent public health emergency.

The health impacts of rising temperatures extend beyond heat exhaustion and heatstroke. Chronic conditions like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and respiratory illnesses can worsen under extreme heat. Heatwaves strain healthcare systems, increase emergency room visits, and exacerbate inequalities as low-income communities and those in hotter regions bear the brunt of these changes.

Compounding Effects of Extreme Heat

The challenges posed by extreme heat are intensified by its interaction with other environmental stressors. For instance, rising temperatures have led to an increase in dust and sandstorms in arid regions. These storms carry fine particulate matter (PM2.5) that can penetrate deep into the lungs, worsening respiratory diseases like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cardiovascular health is also at risk, with elevated particulate pollution linked to increased rates of heart attacks and strokes.

Urban areas, in particular, face compounded challenges. The urban heat island effect—where cities experience higher temperatures due to concrete structures, reduced vegetation, and high energy consumption—magnifies the risks for city dwellers.

Air Pollution and Health

Fossil Fuels and Biomass Burning

In many parts of the world, air pollution remains one of the deadliest environmental threats, driven by fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning. Approximately 745 million people globally lack access to electricity and rely on polluting fuels like wood, charcoal, and animal dung for cooking and heating. Indoor air pollution from these sources contributes to over 3.33 million deaths annually, primarily affecting women and children who spend more time near cooking stoves.

Outdoor air pollution is no less alarming. Fossil fuel emissions contribute significantly to smog, fine particulates, and toxic chemicals in the atmosphere. Long-term exposure to polluted air is associated with chronic respiratory conditions, reduced lung function, and increased risks of lung cancer and cardiovascular diseases.

Solutions for Cleaner Air

Addressing air pollution requires systemic changes, including investing in renewable energy, promoting cleaner cooking technologies, and enforcing stricter emissions standards. Electrification of households, coupled with affordable access to renewable energy, can significantly reduce indoor and outdoor air pollution, saving millions of lives annually.

Increased Rainfall and Disease Proliferation

Mosquito-Borne Diseases on the Rise

The health impacts of climate change are also evident in the proliferation of mosquito-borne diseases. Extreme rainfall events, which have increased in frequency, create ideal breeding conditions for mosquitoes. Diseases such as dengue, malaria, and West Nile virus have surged in response. In 2023, over 5 million dengue cases were reported across more than 80 countries, breaking previous records.

Waterborne Diseases and Infrastructure Challenges

Heavy rainfall often leads to flooding, especially in regions with poor infrastructure. Stagnant water from floods becomes a breeding ground for mosquitoes and exacerbates the spread of waterborne diseases such as cholera, typhoid, and hepatitis A. In low-income areas, inadequate drainage systems, limited sanitation, and insufficient access to clean water worsen these risks, creating cascading public health crises.

Global Energy Policy and Public Health

Fossil Fuel Subsidies and Climate Health Risks

Despite growing investments in renewable energy, fossil fuel subsidies remain a significant obstacle to mitigating climate change and its associated health impacts. Governments worldwide allocated $1.4 trillion to fossil fuel subsidies in 2022, largely to stabilize energy markets during geopolitical crises. While this provides short-term relief, it perpetuates reliance on high-emission energy sources, worsening air pollution and heat-related mortality.

Redirecting fossil fuel subsidies toward renewable energy, clean transportation, and public health initiatives is essential to breaking this cycle. Such investments not only reduce greenhouse gas emissions but also lower healthcare costs by decreasing pollution-related illnesses.

Strategies to Address the Health Crisis

Developing Climate-Resilient Health Systems

Healthcare systems must adapt to the growing challenges posed by climate change. Hospitals and clinics in disaster-prone areas require infrastructure upgrades to withstand floods, hurricanes, and heatwaves. Emergency response plans, coupled with adequate staffing and resources, are vital to managing surges in climate-related illnesses.

Transitioning to Renewable Energy

Accelerating the shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources is crucial for both climate and health. Solar, wind, and hydropower offer sustainable alternatives that reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve air quality. Expanding access to these technologies in developing regions can save lives by reducing dependency on polluting fuels.

Strengthening Disease Surveillance

Enhanced disease surveillance systems are needed to monitor and predict outbreaks of climate-sensitive diseases. Early warning systems, combined with community-based education on disease prevention, can significantly mitigate health risks.

Promoting Sustainable Urban Development

Urban planning must prioritize green infrastructure to counteract the urban heat island effect. Expanding tree canopies, incorporating green roofs, and creating more parks not only cool cities but also improve air quality and mental well-being.

Community Engagement and Education

Educating communities about climate-related health risks is vital for empowering individuals to take preventive measures. Public health campaigns focusing on clean cooking practices, water hygiene, and vector control can lead to healthier and more informed populations.

Conclusion

The impact of extreme temperatures on human health is a pressing global issue requiring coordinated action. Rising temperatures, worsening air quality, and increased disease transmission are already straining health systems worldwide. By investing in resilient health infrastructure, transitioning to renewable energy, and promoting sustainable practices, we can mitigate these risks and build a healthier, more equitable future.